Artificial intelligence, applications and challenges in simulation-based education

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has taken the world by "surprise" due to the lack of regulation over this technological innovation which, while promising application opportunities in different fields of knowledge, including education, simultaneously generates concern, rejection and even fear. In the field of Health Sciences Education, clinical simulation has transformed educational practice; however, its formal insertion is still heterogeneous, and we are now facing a new technological revolution where AI has the potential to transform the way we conceive its application.

El rápido avance de la inteligencia artificial (IA) ha tomado al mundo por "sorpresa" debido a la falta de regulación sobre esta innovación tecnológica, que si bien promete oportunidades de aplicación en diferentes campos del conocimiento, incluido el educativo, también genera preocupación e incluso miedo y rechazo. En el campo de la Educación en Ciencias de la Salud la Simulación Clínica ha transformado la práctica educativa; sin embargo, aún es heterogénea su inserción formal, y ahora nos enfrentamos a una nueva revolución tecnológica, en la que las IA tienen el potencial de transformar la manera en que concebimos su aplicación.

Requerimientos para la producción e implementación de un Material Educativo Digital / Requirements for Producing and Implementing Digital Educational Materials

Introducción: La revolución digital ha llegado al campo educativo y exige que los entornos educativos digitales generen experiencias educativas contundentes. Para realizar este proceso, es fundamental diseñar y construir un material educativo digital (MED) ajustado a los lineamientos tecnológicos, técnicos y pedagógicos enmarcados en la neurobiología del aprendizaje (NA) del estudiante. Objetivo: Evaluar los elementos necesarios para la producción de un material educativo digital (MED) inédito, mediante su implementación en estudiantes. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo a través del Test de Wilcoxon SR con el software SPSS de IBM, y un análisis cualitativo con el software QDA Miner. Posteriormente, se triangularon los datos. Resultados: En el análisis cuantitativo se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el pretest y el postest (p < 0,001) y la mediana entre dicha diferencia de 22,6 por ciento. En el análisis cualitativo se definieron tres categorías: los comentarios positivos de la experiencia, las sugerencias de los estudiantes al proceso y las dificultades técnicas surgidas durante la implementación. Conclusiones: Son evidentes el interés, la motivación, el enganche y el disfrute de los estudiantes de una forma activa en el proceso de aprendizaje, que proporcionan un punto de partida para transformar las prácticas educativas con resultados significativos(AU)

Introduction: The digital revolution has reached the educational field and demands that digital educational environments generate powerful educational experiences. To carry out this process, it is essential to design and build a digital educational material adjusted to the technological, technical and pedagogical guidelines framed in the student's neurobiology of learning. Objective: To evaluate the necessary elements for the production of an unpublished digital educational material, through its implementation in students. Methods: A quantitative analysis was performed through the Wilcoxon SR test using the IBM SPSS software, together with a qualitative analysis using the QDA Miner software. Subsequently, the data were triangulated. Results: The quantitative analysis yielded a statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest (p < 0.001), as well as a median difference of 22.6 percent. The qualitative analysis permitted to define three categories: positive comments on the experience, the students' suggestions to the process, and technical difficulties encountered during the implementation. Conclusions: The students' active interest in, motivation for, engagement towards and enjoyment of the learning process are evident, facts that provide a starting point for transforming educational practices with significant outcomes(AU)

Perceived coronavirus health risk associated with students' life satisfaction: the role of trust in government policies / Risco de saúde percebido do coronavírus associado à satisfação de vida dos estudantes: o papel da confiança nas políticas governamentais

Abstract This study investigates whether trust in government policies has a mediation effect between the students' perception of COVID-19 health risk and their life satisfaction. In order to test the mediation effect, this study utilizes data collected from undergraduate students at Tecnológico de Monterrey in Mexico by means of online survey. The survey yielded 95 usable data out of 97. The valid results were tested via generalized linear model (GLM) Mediation approach for the mediation. Empirical findings of Delta method affirm the mediation (estimate = 0.4445, β = 0.474, z = 3.699, p < .001) role of trust in government as a mediator between students' perception of COVID-19 health risk and their life satisfaction. In other words, Mexican undergraduate students are of the view that trusting government plays a crucial role as a mediator between their perception of coronavirus health risk and life satisfaction. These findings may guide the governments' policy making efforts and motivate them to support their initiatives with trust-building efforts.

Resumo Este estudo investiga se a confiança nas políticas governamentais tem um efeito de mediação na percepção dos estudantes sobre o risco de saúde da COVID-19 e a satisfação de vida. A fim de testar o efeito de mediação, o estudo utiliza dados recolhidos de estudantes universitários do Tecnológico de Monterrey, no México. O inquérito produziu 95 dados utilizáveis de um total de 97. Os resultados válidos foram testados por meio da abordagem de mediação do modelo linear generalizado (GLM). Os resultados empíricos do método Delta afirmam (estimativa = 0,4445, β = 0,474, z = 3,699, p < .001) o papel de confiança no governo como mediador entre a percepção dos estudantes sobre o risco de saúde da COVID-19 e sua satisfação de vida. Em outras palavras, para os estudantes de graduação mexicanos a confiança no governo desempenha papel crucial como mediador entre suas percepções sobre o risco de saúde do coronavírus e a satisfação de vida. As conclusões do estudo podem orientar os esforços dos governos na elaboração de políticas e motivá-los a apoiar iniciativas de criação de confiança.

Reasons behind declining of cases during the COVID-19 wavelets in Pakistan: public healthcare system or government smart lockdown policy? / Razões do declínio de casos durante as ondas de COVID-19 no Paquistão: sistema público de saúde ou política de bloqueio inteligente do governo?

Abstract The latest statistics show that COVID-19 is still very active, and cases are on the rise across various countries and regions. On the other hand, statistics from Pakistan show a declining trend, especially during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. To understand this declining trend and answering our established question, "What are the reasons behind the decline of the COVID-19 cases in Pakistan - public healthcare facilities or government smart lockdown policy?" narrative literature-based evidence collected from government official websites, reports and also Google Scholar. Our findings suggest that the government's innovative smart lockdown strategy and its execution at the right time with the consensus of all stakeholders accompanied with the observing of COVID-19 standard operation procedures resulted in controlling the pandemic. Effective smart lockdown policy allows the government to identify shortcomings of and improve the capabilities of healthcare for the continuation of balanced socio-economic activities to avoid future spread-out of the pandemic in the time of crisis under national and World Health Organization guidelines.

Resumo As últimas estatísticas mostram que a COVID-19 ainda está muito ativa, e os casos estão aumentaando em vários países e regiões. Por outro lado, as estatísticas do Paquistão mostram uma tendência decrescente, em especial durante a primeira onda da pandemia de COVID-19. Para compreender esta tendência decrescente e responder à nossa pergunta estabelecida, "Quais são as razões por detrás do declínio do caso COVID-19 no Paquistão - instalações públicas de saúde ou política de encerramento inteligente do governo?" - foi compilada evidências narrativas baseadas em literatura recolhida de websites oficiais do governo, relatórios e também no Google Scholar. As nossas conclusões sugerem que a estratégia inovadora de encerramento inteligente do governo e a sua execução no momento certo, com o consenso de todos os interessados acompanhados pela observação dos procedimentos de operação padrão da COVID-19, resultou no controle da pandemia. Uma política eficaz de encerramento inteligente permite ao governo identificar deficiências e melhorar as capacidades dos cuidados de saúde para a continuidade de atividades socioeconômicas equilibradas, a fim de evitar a propagação futura da pandemia em tempo de crise, sob as diretrizes nacionais e da Organização Mundial de Saúde.

The training of a new social-responsible generation of health professionals with a patient-centered vision / A formação de uma nova geração socialmente responsável de profissionais de saúde com uma visão centrada no paciente

Abstract The challenges that Latin America faces in health are deeply related to others, such as access to clean water, the right to education, and housing. Health professionals that work in an environment where the population faces constant barriers to accessing care in the public health system or has limited resources to pay for it in a private sector will face an ethical dilemma, the question of how to honor the call to care for patients when there is not enough support system or infrastructure to do so. Within the schools of medicine and health sciences, the question is how to train students to face or resolve these conflicts. The social responsibility approach is a proposal that allows the alignment of education for health professionals and health systems to contribute to the creation of an effective, equitable, and sustainable system. The present article aims to discuss this problem from the importance of training health professionals, ethical and committed to their communities, that have the skills and attitudes to implement a patient-centered vision. The involvement of universities and training institutions of the next generation of health professionals cannot be postponed.

Resumo Os desafios que a América Latina enfrenta em matéria de saúde estão profundamente relacionados a outros, como o acesso à água limpa, o direito à educação e à moradia. Os profissionais de saúde que trabalham em um ambiente onde a população enfrenta constantes barreiras ao acesso aos cuidados no sistema público de saúde ou tem recursos limitados para pagá-los em um setor privado enfrentarão um dilema ético, a questão de como honrar o chamado para cuidar dos pacientes quando não há sistema de apoio ou infraestrutura suficiente para fazê-lo. Dentro das escolas de medicina e ciências da saúde, a questão é como treinar os estudantes para enfrentar ou resolver estes conflitos. A abordagem da responsabilidade social é uma proposta que permite o alinhamento da educação dos profissionais de saúde e dos sistemas de saúde para contribuir para a criação de um sistema eficaz, equitativo e sustentável. O presente artigo visa discutir este problema a partir da importância de formar profissionais de saúde, éticos e comprometidos com suas comunidades, que tenham as habilidades e atitudes necessárias para implementar uma visão centrada no paciente. O envolvimento de universidades e instituições de treinamento da próxima geração de profissionais de saúde não pode ser adiado.

Innovative training of university students in cardiac arrest in clinical Ssimulation / Entrenamiento innovador de estudiantes universitarios en parada cardíaca en simulación clínica

Introduction: Statistics show nowadays, bystanders provided Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) in 40-46% of all out-of-the-hospital cardiac arrests. Strategies must focus on specialized training for non-medical personnel. Engaging new generations in self-care depends on the development of new approaches to address the issue. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of an innovative training in CPR through the perception of the participants. Material and methods: This study considered a quantitative approach with a descriptive and correlational design. This study had a convenience sample of 103 participants from undergraduate programs in different disciplines: Engineering, Health, Law, and Design with participated voluntarily in the innovate training. To understand the efficacy of the innovative training data was collected of the participants through a self-assessment rubric. While participants were taken part in the training, an expert assessor was observing the performance and scored the procedure using a similar rubric. Both rubrics use a 5-point Likert scale to assess the level of agreement with each sentence. Results: Self-assessment results show that students excel on identifying if a patient has a pulse (mean=4.47) and if a patient is breathing (mean=4.52). The results of the expert assessment indicate a higher level of performance in hand positioning (mean=4.75) and compression-ventilation coordination (mean=4.77).Discussion: These results are encouraging as participants gained confidence on basic procedures, the main challenges are still on skills that rely deeply on practice. Therefore, this training might need to be offered periodically, as any certification offered for health professionals. This study is a first attempt to design an innovative short term and effective training that universities can replicate to prepare their students for these life-saving skills.

Introducción:Las estadísticas muestran que hoy en día los transeúntes realizan la reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) en el 40-46% de las paradas cardíacas extrahospitalarias. Las estrategias deben centrarse en la formación especializada del personal no médico, por lo que es importante desarrollar; nuevos enfoques para abordar el tema y comprometer a las generaciones más jóvenes en el autocuidado. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de un entrenamiento innovador en RCP a través de la percepción de los participantes.Ma-terial y métodos: Se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo para correlacionar ambas medidas de rendimiento. Este estudio consideró un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño descriptivo y correlacional. Este estudio tuvo una muestra de conveniencia de 103 participantes de programas de pregrado en diferentes disciplinas: Ingeniería, Salud, Derecho y Diseño con participación voluntaria en el entrenamiento innovador. Para entender la eficacia de la formación innovadora se recogieron datos de los participantes a través de una rúbrica de autoevaluación. Mien-tras los participantes participaban en la formación, un evaluador experto observaba la actuación y puntuaba el procedimiento utilizando una rúbrica similar. Ambas rúbricas utilizan una escala Likert de 5 puntos para evaluar el nivel de acuerdo con cada frase.Resultados: Los resultados de la autoevaluación muestran que los estudiantes destacan en la identificación de si un paciente tiene pulso (media=4,47) y si un paciente respira (media=4,52). Los resultados de la evaluación de expertos indican un mayor nivel de rendimiento en la colocación de las manos (media=4,75) y en la coordinación compresión-ventilación (media=4,77). Discusión: Estos resultados son alentadores, ya que los participantes ganaron confianza en los procedimientos básicos; los principales retos siguen siendo las habilidades que dependen en gran medida de la práctica. Por lo tanto, es posible que esta formación deba ofrecerse periódicamente, como cualquier certificación ISSN: 0719-1855 © Dirección de Extensión y Educación Continua, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. http://arsmedica.cl26ARS MEDICA Revista de Ciencias Médicas Volumen 46 número 3 año 2021Segura et al.ofrecida a los profesionales de la salud. Este estudio es un primer intento de diseñar una formación innovadora, eficaz y de corta duración, que las universidades pueden replicar para preparar a sus estudiantes en estas habilidades que salvan vidas.

Public-Private ICT-Based Collaboration Initiative During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Ehsaas Emergency Cash Program in Pakistan

Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the application of the Pakistani government's ICT-based public-private collaboration strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic. This investigation covers the Ehsaas Emergency Cash (EEC) program, from the beginning of the application to receiving of funds, which was developed by a collaborative mechanism involving the Pakistani government, National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA), State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), local commercial banks and the telecom sector. By investigating the EEC via the case study method, this paper provides insights to policymakers on how to replicate similar strategies in various country contexts via leveraging public-private collaboration, ICT technologies, and policymaking. This study contributes the COVID-19, ICT, e-government, and public-private collaboration literature via providing insight about current events and a model based on the case presented.

Percepción de estudiantes de la Salud acerca de la implementación de las macrocompetencias genéricas / Health students' perceptions about the implementation of the generic macro-competences i:en

Introducción: en el marco del proceso de implementación del Modelo por Competencias al cual adscribe la Universidad de Concepción, se consideró relevante el seguimiento y evaluación de las prácticas educativas llevadas a cabo desde una perspectiva que permitiera verificar su adecuación al contexto en que fueron implementadoras. Objetivo: describir la percepción de estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Obstetricia y Puericultura de la Universidad de Concepción acerca de la implementación de las Macrocompetencias Genéricas. Métodos: investigación evaluativa de abordaje cuantitativo y cualitativo. Se aplicó un instrumento de autorreporte de 22 ítems tipo Likert más 3 preguntas abiertas a 86 mujeres y 7 hombres. Para el análisis cuantitativo de los datos se utilizó el software estadístico SPSS 19; para el análisis cualitativo, el software Atlas.ti 6.2. Resultados: el análisis cualitativo mostró una valoración positiva de la metodología y contenidos abordados en la implementación. El análisis cuantitativo mostró una alta aprobación en todas las dimensiones, destacándose Contenido (n = 85; 91,4 por ciento). Conclusiones: las Macrocompetencias Genéricas son valoradas por los estudiantes como insumo para su desarrollo profesional y personal. Sin embargo, se requiere una implementación adaptada a su contexto(AU)

Introduction: In the context of the process for the implementation of the Model by Competences, to which University of Concepción has joined, we considered relevant the follow-up and assessment of the educative practices performed from a perspective that permitted verifying its adaptation to the context in which they were implemented. Objective: Describe the first year students majoring in Obstetrics and Puericulture at University of Concepción's perception about the implementation of the Generic Macro-competences. Methods: Evaluative research of quantitative and qualitative approach. A self-report instrument containing 22 Likert items and other 3 open questions were applied to 86 women and 7 men. For the quantitative analysis of the data, the statistical software SPSS 19 was used; for the qualitative analysis, the software Atlas.ti 6.2 was used. Results: The qualitative analysis showed a positive evaluation of the methodology and contents treated in the implementation. The quantitative analysis showed high approval in all the dimensions, with Content outstanding (n=85; 91.4 percent). Conclusions: The students assess the Generic Macro-competences as an aspect for their professional and personal development. However, a context-adapted implementation is required(AU)

Fatores favoráveis à inovação: estudo de caso em uma organização escolar / Favorable factors to innovation: a case study in a school organization

O presente artigo apresenta uma pesquisa sobre a inovação em uma organização escolar. A inovação foi compreendida e estudada como um conjunto de ações de implementação de novidades nos processos educativos e nas formas de gestão escolar que dependem de elementos favoráveis para o seu desenvolvimento. O estudo teve como objetivo investigar os aspectos que atuaram de forma favorecedora permitindo a emergência e o desenvolvimento do processo de inovação em uma organização escolar de ensino fundamental. Foi realizado, por meio de metodologia qualitativa, um estudo de caso em uma escola pública do município de São Paulo. Os resultados evidenciaram um conjunto de seis aspectos favoráveis à inovação, articulados à dimensão histórica do projeto, caracterizada fundamentalmente pelo histórico de participação da comunidade na escola e pela mobilização progressiva para o enfrentamento dos problemas vivenciados pela instituição. As análises destacaram que os aspectos histórico-contextuais possibilitaram a constituição de elementos subjetivos - sociais e individuais - também favoráveis para a inovação, que se traduzem pela dimensão interativa, comunicativa e motivacional dos atores escolares. Para efeitos de conclusão, foi possível considerar que, neste estudo de caso, a dimensão histórica representou o aspecto favorecedor vital para a inovação, significando a base que constituiu a dimensão subjetiva da escola implicada ao desenvolvimento positivo do projeto inovador.

This paper presents research about innovation in a school organization. Innovation was understood and studied as a set of actions to implement new approaches in the educational processes and in the forms of school management that depend on elements favorable to achieving its development. The study aimed to investigate the aspects that had favorable impacts allowing the occurrence and development of an innovation process in an elementary school organization. It was conducted using a qualitative methodology, through a case study in a public school in São Paulo. The results showed a set of six aspects promoting innovation, linked to the historical dimension of the project, characterized primarily by the history of community participation in the school, and by the progressive mobilization to confront the problems faced by the institution. The analyses revealed that historical-contextual aspects constituted subjective elements - social and individual - also favorable for the innovation process, that represent the interactive, communicative, and motivational dimension of those who are part of the school organization. In conclusion, it was evident in this case study that the historical dimension was crucial to the innovative process, sustaining the subjective dimension involved in the positive development of the innovation project at the school.

Teaching reform on laboratory diagnostics for eight-year-program clinical medicine majors at undergraduate level / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Supported by Center of Laboratory Medicine of PLA,the Third Military Medical University launched teaching reform on laboratory diagnostics by integrating and optimizing teaching contents,adopting case centered teaching method,introducing thinking modes of evidence-based laboratory medicine and strengthening bilingual teaching.Abilities of students to determine the clinical stage and to evaluate the effect of treatment as well as prognosis of diseases were promoted.

Some Reflection on Modified Teaching of Nursing Anatomy / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Professional education of nursing is an important means to bring up practical type of nursing talents.Combined with the existing problems in nursing profession's anatomy teaching of our college,we put forward some thoughts on modifying nursing anatomy course.

Connotation and Practice Research in Higher Medical Creative Education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

This paper expounds four demands of connotation in higher creative education,and summarizes the creative education practice of Harbin medical university in five fields,which involves establishing creative educations base,establishing scientific research item,setting up network teaching platform,promoting teaching method and enhancing professional ability of teachers.

Practice and Exploration of the Teaching Reform of the Clinical Medicine in the Experimented Class / 中华医学教育探索杂志

By analyzing the traditional educational mode and subject of the higher medical education, the basic method and emphasis of the experimental class of the clinical medicine educational innovation have been established, and the general frame of the educational innovation content has been constructed, the executive essential point and point in the content of the educational innovation have been made. After several years of the practice and positive exploration, the class has achieved success.

A Study on the Integrated Medical Teaching Courses Administration at Seoul National University College of Medicine for the Past Thirty Years / 한국의학교육

It was about thirty years ago that integrated teaching courses were first introduced to the undergraduate medical educational curriculum in Korea. Seoul National University College of Medicine, who had totally discipline-based curriculum up to 1971, implemented the new curricular component which was benchmarked from the experiment of Case Western University (USA) in 1950s, and accommodated it to her educational environment fairly delicately at least for the first ten years, and her pioneering experiment played a role-model to many medical colleges in Korea. However, the integrated courses(1/4 of basic medical science learning period) became stereotyped in curricular management, distended in contents, became more and more lecture-dependent, despite basic principles advocated at the implementation stage which emphasized diversification in learning methods, and at last fell to a faulty component in curriculum. And it became a serious handicap hindering the latest endeavor for curricular innovation aiming at a whole, vertical and horizontal curricular integration. From analysis of various numerical data and historical records, we arrived at the following conclusions: integrated curricular component should be supervised and evaluated continuously by a powerful standing committee far more than non-integrated one should be; success in the formation of multi-departmental consensus group which is influenced by cultural or political factor of the country or the medical professional society, is a precondition to run it successfully; an integration of curriculum not only requires deliberate technical manipulation of educational contents and diversification of learning methods but also requires a philosophical or political innovation in medical society to overcome firm and high inherited barrier between departments.